铜佛像

浅说金铜佛像收藏价值判断

On the value judgment of the collection of gold and copper Buddha

常有藏友来函询问佛像收藏价值判断—言被高度，来源，产地，甚至神格所累，茫然不知所措。现自己总结下多年的经验教训，与诸友交流。唯强巴经验限之，权以板砖引高人之玉也！

Tibetan friends often ask and ask questions about the value of the collection of Buddhas. They are confused by their height, origin, origin, and even godhood. Now I sum up my experience and lessons with my friends over the years. only strong Ba experience limit, the right to plate brick cited high person Jade also!

价值一说，可以分为收藏价值，艺术价值，历史价值（学术价值），此处我们不谈学术，只谈收藏。为何收藏？有人谓投资，有人谓欣赏，欣赏的是艺术，投资从根本上说也是追求高艺术性的收藏，所以可归于一谈。

Value can be divided into collection value, artistic value, historical value (academic value), here we do not talk about academic, just talk about collection. Why is it Collectible? Some people call investment, some say appreciation, appreciate art, and investment is basically a collection of high artistic quality, so it can be attributed to one.

我将佛像的价值判断定义在六个方面：

I define the value judgment of Buddha in six aspects:

1.精美度 2.久远度 3.完整度 4.稀缺度 5.高度，6.神格

1. elegance 2. long distance 3. integrity 4. scarcity 5. height 6. goddess

一.精美度

First.

精美度可大致分为工，形，意，材四个方面。

The degree of elegance can be roughly divided into four aspects: labor, form, meaning and material.

工，指工匠的手艺表现，又细分为塑工，修工，錾工，鎏金工艺，镶嵌工艺等，它是佛像本身视觉体现的直接表达；形是指佛像的外观体型，莲座的饱满度，配饰的表达等轮廓概念；意指佛像塑造好之后由内到外的一种意志传达，是小道嘴角的微笑，眼神的悲悯，大到整个佛像的气场，无形的震撼力；材顾名思义是指佛像的用材，包括本身的铜质及外在的鎏金，镶嵌物的优劣。

Work, refers to the craftsmans performance, and it is subdivided into plastic, repair, chisel, gilding, mosaic, etc. it is the direct expression of the visual representation of the Buddha itself; shape refers to the figure of the Buddhas appearance, the plumpness of the lotus, the expression of accessories and so on; it means a will from the inside to the outside after the statue of the Buddha is made. It is the smile of the corners of the mouth, the pity of the eyes, the air of the whole Buddha, the invisible force of shock; the material of the Buddha is the material of the Buddha, including the bronze and the gilding of the outer, the good and bad of the mosaic.

二.久远度

Two. Length of distance

年代概念，藏传佛像一般喜欢用世纪表述，中原佛像一般喜欢用朝代表述。我们习惯上把13世纪（大致元代）之前的佛像称为高古佛，在藏地本土造像又有前弘期和后弘期之分，二者以公元846年朗达玛被刺为界。而公元-公元6世纪的犍陀罗，4-6世纪的笈多，6-10世纪的斯瓦特，7-8世纪的克什米尔，8-12世纪的帕拉都是佛像登峰造极的时段。每尊佛像得其一既是福业。

The Tibetan concept of Buddha usually likes to express in the century. The Central Plains Buddhas generally like to express them in the dynasty. We used to call the statue of the Buddha before the thirteenth Century (the Yuan Dynasty) as the high ancient Buddha, and the local statues in the Tibetan land were divided into the pre Hong period and the post Hong period, and the two were pricked by Randama in the year 846. And the gadadalas in AD sixth Century, Gupta in the 4-6 century, SWAT in the 6-10 century, Kashmir in the 7-8 century, and para in the 8-12 century are the peak periods of the Buddhas statue. Every Buddha is a blessing.

三.完整度

Three. Integrity

是指佛像保存的完整性，包括配饰，造像肢体，莲座的完整度，也包含佛像装藏，封底仪轨的完整；同时亦包含佛像表面鎏金，镶嵌物的完整。

It refers to the integrity of the preservation of the statue of the Buddha, including accessories, image limbs, the integrity of the lotus, and the integrity of the statue of the Buddha, and the integrity of the gilding and inlay on the surface of the Buddha.

四.稀缺度

Four. Scarcity

是指造像在历史上的独一无二性，有些造像具有划时代的意义，除第二点提到的高古造像，在西藏本土的丹萨替（Densatil）,15世纪的来乌群巴，15世纪的永宣，17世纪的曲英多杰，17-18世纪的扎纳巴扎尔都是难得一见的旷世之作，值得重金拥有。另有些短暂的王朝也曾创造过佛教史上的辉煌，也有数量不多的精品造像留存于世，像古格王朝，西夏王朝，大理国等。

It refers to the unique character of the statue in history. Some of the statues have epoch-making significance, in addition to the high ancient statues mentioned at second points, the Densatil in Tibet, the fifteenth Century to Wu qumba, the fifteenth Century Yongxuan, the seventeenth Century Zimo Dorje, and the 17-18 century Zai Na Bazaar is a rare and rare work. Its worth a lot of gold. Some of the other ephemeral dynasties have also created the brilliance of the history of Buddhism, and there are also few fine quality statues that remain in the world, such as the Gu Ge Dynasty, the Xixia Dynasty, and the Dali state.

五.高度

Five. Height

佛像的高度也是衡量价值的一个非常重要的指标，由于古代工艺水平有限，铜材匮乏，大体量的造像一直非重大寺院及皇亲国戚所不能拥有，这里指的大体量一般是指30cm（过尺）以上的大佛，主要是庙堂供奉之用，而最近几年，超过20cm的佛像亦不常见，估计再过几年，大佛的尺寸标准将继续向下调整。

The height of the Buddha is also a very important index to measure the value. Because of the Limited ancient technology and the lack of copper, the large volume of statues has not been owned by the major monasteries and the Royal relatives and relatives. The large volume refers to the Great Buddha above the 30cm (the ruler), which is mainly used by the temple, but in recent years. More than 20cm of the Buddha is not common. It is estimated that in a few years, the size of the Buddha will continue to be adjusted downwards.

六.神格

Six. The deity

按传统大乘意义上的神格顺序，应是诸方佛排第一，其次菩萨，罗汉，其次度母，其次神界护法，其次驻世间护法；而由于密教重视师承，上师被尊为四皈依之首，排在神格首位。然而当今收藏的价值取向却大相径庭，首先，佛造像由于形象相对简洁单一，其价值排列反倒排在最次，菩萨由于其装饰的复杂，身姿的多样婉约排在之前，而各种护法由于多头多手，形象怪异，做工难度大，反而收藏价值颇高。上师则是一个例外，由于上师的造像非常强调写实性，而各派系又注重自己体系内的师承，因此往往不惜重金铸造优质上师佛像，元明开始大量出现的嵌金，嵌银，嵌红铜的上师造像无不制作精良，为收藏之佳品。

According to the traditional Mahayana order, it should be the first of the various Buddhas, followed by Bodhisattva, Rohan, second Tara, followed by the protector of the gods, followed by the protector of the world, and the top teacher was respected as the first of the four converts because of the attention of the secret education to the teacher. However, the value orientation of todays collection is quite different, first of all, the Buddha statues, due to the relatively simple and simple image of the image, are arranged in the most times, and the Bodhisattva, because of the complexity of its decoration and the graceful and graceful posture of the Bodhisattva, is before it. High. The teacher is an exception, because the statue of the teachers of the upper division emphasizes the realism, and the factions pay more attention to their own system. Therefore, they often do not hesitate to invest in the high quality teachers Buddha.

以上是大体包容的佛像收藏价值六个取向。要想估量一尊造像的综合价值，只需简单把以上六项逐一打分，最后做总分评估即可。然而这里又有个人喜好倾向的不同，如个人比较喜欢精工细作，可以把精美度的权重适当提高，如喜欢尺寸，亦可将高度权重调高，如是推之

The above are the six orientations of Buddhas collection value. If you want to estimate the comprehensive value of a statue, you should simply score the above six items one by one, and finally make the total score assessment. However, there are different preferences, such as a person who prefers fine work to improve the weight of the beauty, such as the size of the person, and the high weight, such as the push.

铜佛像